Biblical Eldership
By Brian Anderson

Who does God want to lead His church? How is the church supposed to be governed? What is an elder and how is he related to a pastor? What is an elder supposed to do? How can we know who God has called as an elder? These are all important questions that need answering if we are to govern our church according to the will of God. Thankfully, the Bible has not left us in the dark in these important matters! In this pamphlet, we will consider what the Word of God has to say about:

I. The Biblical Pattern for Elders

The Plurality in Each Local Church

In the contemporary church there are many different models of church government in place. The most popular model seems to be that of one pastor with many deacons who assist him in ruling the church. According to the Word of God, there ought to be a plurality of God-ordained men serving the church as elders. Instead of there being one man who has the ultimate authority in the church, there should be a team of men who together lead the church, as they mutually submit to one another. There are several passages that show us this pattern:

Acts 14:23 "And when they had appointed elders for them in every church having prayed with fasting, they commended them to the Lord in whom they had believed."Notice that there are to be elders (plural) in every church (singular).

Acts 20:17, 28 "And from Miletus he sent to Ephesus and called to him the elders of the church." "Be on guard for yourselves and for all the flock, among which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with his own blood." Notice that Paul does not call to him the elders of the churches. There were several elders in the one church at Ephesus.

Phil. 1:1 "Paul and Timothy, bond servants of Christ Jesus, to all the saints in Christ Jesus who are in Philippi, including the overseers and deacons."

1 Thes. 5:12-13 "But we request of you, brethren, that you appreciate those who diligently labor among you, and have charge over you in the Lord and give you instruction, and that you esteem them very highly in love because of their work. Live in peace with one another."

1 Tim. 5:17 "Let the elders who rule well be considered worthy of double honor, especially those who work hard at preaching and teaching."

Titus 1:5 "For this reason I left you in Crete, that you might set in order what remains, and appoint elders in every city as I directed you."

James 5:14 "Is anyone among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord."

1 Pet. 5:1-4 "Therefore, I exhort the elders among you, as your fellow elder and witness the sufferings of Christ, and a partaker also of the glory that is to be revealed..."

We don't find any church in the New Testament that was governed by a single man. There may have been churches like that, but if they did exist, we have no record of them. The Biblical pattern is that of a group of men that together work as a team to govern God's church.

An Equality Among One Another

As you study through the Scriptures, you will find different terms used for an elder; one term is "bishop" or "overseer" and the other is "pastor" or "shepherd". In Eph. 4:11 there is reference to "pastors and teachers". Biblical scholars have been able to determine from the construction of the Greek text that this office refers to a single office instead of two different offices. It would be more accurate to refer to them as "pastor-teachers." How are the terms pastor, elder and overseer related to one another? Again, there are different examples in today's churches. The Episcopalian form of church government goes back to the word "bishop" (or in the New American Standard, "overseer"), which in the Greek is "episcopos", and have developed their government on this basis. They believe that the "bishop" is a man who rules over many churches. Other churches have one man who is called the "pastor" with several others who assist him in administrating the work of the church. Let's survey the Scriptures to see how these three words are related to one another.

1 Tim. 3:1-3 "It is a trustworthy statement: if any man aspires to the office of overseer (King James - bishop, Greek - episcopos), it is a fine work he desires to do." Following verse 1 are the qualifications for this overseer.

Titus 1:5-9 "...and appoint elders in every city...for the overseer must be above reproach as God's steward..." The qualifications for an elder are again listed. Clearly, Paul, in 1 Tim 3 and Titus 1 is speaking of the same person. Paul uses the term elder and overseer (bishop) interchangeably! They are not two distinct offices, but the same one!

1 Peter 5:1-2 "Therefore, I exhort the elders among you, as your fellow elder and witness of the sufferings of Christ, and a partaker also of the glory that is to be revealed, shepherd the flock of God among you, exercising oversight not under compulsion" Here, all three terms are used, and they are all descriptive of the same person. In Acts 20:28, the elders are being addressed, yet he calls them "overseers who are to shepherd the church." An elder then, is an overseer and does the work of shepherding the flock. The term "elder" emphasizes who the man is; the term "overseer" speaks of what he does; and the term "pastor" deals with how he does it (with a shepherd's heart).

Within the eldership, there will be differences: some men will be gifted in certain areas. In Eph. 4:11 there is a certain group of elders called pastor-teachers. These men are called specifically to give their life to studying and teaching the Word of God. Other elders are not always called to a public proclamation of the truth, but they all work together as a team to shepherd God's church.

II. The Function of Elders

The Elder is to Teach the Church

1 Tim. 5:17 "Let the elders who rule well be considered worthy of double honor, especially those who work hard at preaching and teaching." We can glean several truths from this verse. If a man works hard at preaching and teaching, it is right and proper for the church to provide him with financial remuneration. Not all elders work hard at preaching and teaching. Other elders will invest their time and energy in different ways, including overseeing various ministries in the church. 1 Timothy 3 tells us that all elders must be able to communicate truth, but not all elders will give themselves to teaching to the same extent. Some elders may teach only occasionally and in a small group or one-to-one counseling setting.

The Elder Must Shepherd the Church

Acts 20:28 says "Be on guard for yourselves and for all the flock, among which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with His own blood." The phrase "to shepherd" means to care for the sheep. A responsibility of an elder, then, is to lead and guide the flock to green pastures and still waters, and to nurture a sheep back to health when he is ill. To be a shepherd in Christ's church means one must care for the individual members of the body, in order to see them mature and grow in grace. This shepherding will express itself in different ways, such as restoring a brother when he has fallen into sin, warning someone when they are going in the wrong direction, and encouraging those who are downcast.

The Elder Must Protect the Church

Acts 20:28 says "Be on guard for yourself and for all the flock" The elder is to protect the church from bad doctrine as we see in Acts 20:29-31 -- "I know that after my departure savage wolves will come in among you, not sparing the flock; and from among your own selves men will arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away the disciples after them. Therefore be on the alert, remembering that night and day for a period of three years I did not cease to admonish each one with tears." There are two kinds of people to be aware of: wolves from the outside, and people within the church who will speak things contrary to sound doctrine. Paul affirms that the elders must guard the church from anything that would threaten the health of the body. In Titus 1:9, Paul's elders must "hold fast the faithful word which is in accordance with the teaching, that he may be able both to exhort in sound doctrine and to refute those who contradict." Not only must an elder be able to urge the church to cleave to Christ according to sound doctrine, but he also must be able to refute those who contradict truth. Therefore, he must know the word of God. In 1 Timothy 1:3, Paul is talking to Timothy and says "As I urged you upon my departure for Macedonia, remain on at Ephesus, in order that you may instruct certain men not to teach strange doctrine."

An elder must also protect the church from divisions as stated in Titus 3:10-11 "Reject a factious man after a first and second warning, knowing that such a man is perverted and is sinning, being self-condemned." A factious man is a divisive man, who seeks to split the church. If an individual is being divisive and will not repent after a first and second warning, the elders may have to take a very difficult stand by informing the church that the individual is no longer welcome in the fellowship until he repents. The same truth is taught in Romans 16:17, "Now I urge you, brethren, keep your eye on those who cause dissensions and hindrances contrary to the teaching which you learned, and turn away from them."

The elder is to protect the church from an ungodly lifestyle permeating the church or from unrepentant sin. In 1 Cor. 5:1-7 the apostle Paul exhorts the church to remove the unrepentant offender from their midst. If the elders do nothing and leave the sin alone, it will spread and ferment and the whole body will be affected. Thus, the elders must be on guard to protect the body from false doctrine, divisions, and moral corruption.

The Elder Must Oversee the Church

In 1 Timothy 3:1, Paul refers to "the office of overseer" and in 1 Timothy 5:17 says "Let the elders who rule well be considered worthy of double honor..." 1 Timothy 3:5 tells us the elder is to manage the church -- "but if a man does not know how to manage his own household how will he take care of the church of God?" Scripture says in Hebrews 13:17 that an elder is to watch over the souls of the sheep and give an account -- "Obey your leaders, and submit to them; for they keep watch over your souls, as those who will give an account. Let them do this with joy and not with grief, for this would be unprofitable for you." This is a heavy responsibility and not to be taken lightly! To oversee the church would include seeking direction for the church and the different ministries, and appointing other elders and deacons. In the final analysis, the buck stops with the elders because they must directly give account to God.

III. The Qualifications of Elders

The very first qualification of an elder is that he must be "above reproach" -- this is the overarching principal for all of the other qualifications. He "must" be -- it is absolutely essential and mandatory that he be blameless, because that's what above reproach implies. Literally the word means "not able to be held". That is, there is nothing to accuse him of. We are not talking about sinless perfection, but we are talking about there not being any obvious moral defect within his life. This doesn't mean that in his past he's always lived that way. It doesn't mean that his Christian life has always been of a sterling character. But for a period of time now, he's born a reputation for being above reproach. There are many different areas that he must be above reproach in.

An Elder Must Be Above Reproach In His Marital Life

"The husband of one wife." There has been much conflict over this phrase by interpreters with many suggestions being offered as to the correct interpretation. One interpretation is that this phrase refers to polygamy. Some believe the verse teaches that a man could not have more than one wife. The problem with that view is that neither the Jews nor the Romans commonly engaged in that practice at this particular time. Another interpretation suggests that an elder can never have been divorced for any reason at all. But Paul does tell us that there are lawful causes for divorce (dissertion and adultery). Another interpretation suggests that an elder must not remarry if his wife has died. However, this would contradict what Paul says in 1 Cor. 7. There, he encourages a widower to remarry but only in the Lord. Another interpretation affirms that this verse teaches an elder must be a married man. The problem with that view, however, is that Paul was a single man, yet he was an Apostle, which is a higher ranking individual within the church than an elder.

What then is he talking about? If you examine the Greek terms for the words "husband" and "wife", you will find that they can be changed to "man" and "woman" - "the man of one woman"; or a one-woman man. If this is the most accurate rendering, than the plural refers to the character of a man's life and the state of his heart, not his marital state. Is he a one-woman man? If he's married, is he completely devoted to his wife, or is he a ladies' man? Is his mind preoccupied with other women? Does he have a constant problem with lustful thoughts? If he's single, is he flirtatious? A man considered for the office of elder must be one who keeps himself chaste and holy in all his behavior towards members of the opposite sex.

An Elder Must Be Above Reproach in His Spiritual Life

In 1 Tim. 3:2, Paul tells us he has to be temperate and prudent. The word "temperate" means "calm and collected in spirit" or "sober-minded". The word "prudent" speaks about exercising sound judgment in practical matters. This describes a man who doesn't make decisions on a whim, or depending on how he feels from day to day. He thinks and prays seriously before he makes decisions.

In verse 3, it says he can't be addicted to wine. We can't prove that Paul is saying an elder can never drink any alcohol, because Timothy himself drank alcohol (1 Tim. 5:23). But it would indicate that if a man was under the power of alcohol, he would be disqualified. If this man did use alcohol, he must be careful not to stumble or weaken a brother by his use. The same would apply to the use of drugs.

Furthermore, he is to be free from the love of money (v.3). He should not serve the church for the financial gain he can get out of it. Peter says that an elder should not shepherd the flock of God for sordid gain, but instead must serve out of love for God and His people. Additionally, he can't be a new convert -- "And not a new convert, lest he become conceited and fall into the condemnation incurred by the devil" (v. 6). He must be a spiritually mature man. Titus 1:7-8 adds further qualifications -- "For the overseer must be above reproach as God's steward, not self- willed, not quick-tempered, not addicted to wine, not pugnacious, not fond of sordid gain, but hospitable, loving what is good, sensible, just, devout, self-controlled."

An Elder Must Be Above Reproach In His Social Life

In 1 Timothy 3:2 it says he must be respectable, by diligently fulfilling his responsibilities. The opposite word for respect is "chaos". His life is not in chaos or confusion. Moreover, he must be hospitable, meaning that he has a love for strangers. In our cultural setting, strangers would be those who are new to the body. An elder must receive them warmly into his home to see how he might serve them. An elder's hospitality may often extend to inviting visiting ministers and missionaries into his home as well. Paul says an elder cannot be pugnacious (v. 3). In other words, he can't be a fighter, who wants to settle things with his fists. Additionally, he must not be contentious. The contentious man argues verbally. Instead, he must be gentle.

An Elder Must Be Above Reproach In His Family Life

"He must be one who manages his own household well, keeping his children under control with all dignity." (v. 4) The phrase "under control" is a military term, meaning "lining up in rank those under your authority". The elder's children must line up under his authority, so that they are respectful, disciplined and under control. Titus 1:6 informs us that an elder must "..have children who believe.."; his children profess faith in Christ.

An Elder Must Be Above Reproach In His Business Life

(v. 7). "And he must have a good reputation with those outside the church, so that he may not fall into reproach and the snare of the devil." A good test to see whether a man is qualified to be an elder is to see if he has a good reputation with those he is in business with or other non- Christians. These people may not like him, but if they are honest, they will admit he is a man of integrity, honest, just and upright.

There are other passages in the Bible that speak of qualities that must be present in an elder:

An Elder Must Have A Servant's Heart - Mt. 20:25-28 "But Jesus called them to Himself, and said, 'You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their great men exercise authority over them. It is not so among you, but whoever wishes to become great among you shall be your servant, and whoever wishes to be first among you shall be your slave; just as the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give His life a ransom for many." Jesus came to serve and to give and this must be the heart of a pastor. He wants the people to grow in grace and he's willing to sacrifice and invest his time, energy, and life in teaching them, discipling them, and praying for them.

An Elder Must Have A Teachable Heart - He must be able to receive instruction from others, because the day that he stops receiving instruction is the day he stops growing in grace. He is a man who is willing to listen to the voice of God through all of God's people, and submit to it.

An Elder Must Have A Submissive Heart - He must be willing to submit to authority, because if a man is not willing to be under authority, how can he exercise authority? In order to find out whether he is submissive, the church should look at his relationship with God. Does he obey the word of God? Is he submissive to other authorities like the government, police, etc.?

An Elder Must Have A Committed Heart - God's work requires 100 percent commitment. He will never be able to minister effectively unless he is a man with strong commitment to the work.

An Elder Must Be Able To Teach - 1 Tim.3:2, Titus 1:9. He is a student of Scripture, knows God's Word, is able to communicate sound doctrine to others, and is able to refute error.

It is not perfection of life but the direction of a man's life that God requires. If God required perfection, no man would qualify. The real issue is, "Are these qualities descriptive of the direction of this man's life"?

IV. The Identification of Elders

There are four different tests to find out the will of God in this matter:

1. Is there a confirmation from the individual?

Peter, writing to his fellow elders, says in 1 Peter 5: 1 "Therefore I exhort the elders among you, as your fellow elder and as a witness of the sufferings of Christ and a partaker also of the glory that is to be revealed, shepherd the flock of God among you, exercising oversight not under compulsion, but voluntarily, according to the will of God; and not for sordid gain, but with eagerness." The elder should exercise oversight of the church according to God's will. He should be convinced that God has called him to this task. In Acts 20:28 Scripture says "Be on guard for yourselves and for all the flock, among which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with His own blood." These elders didn't just up and decide one day to become elders, but God selected them. God has to uniquely call, choose, gift, and enable a person to function in a particular role. All the church can do is ratify or confirm what God has already done. The church is simply to recognize and confirm what God is doing. The question is, "Who is God raising up from our midst?" The individual has to have a sense that God has called him to this.

An obvious question is "How will they know if God is calling them to eldership?" In 1 Timothy 3:1 the Holy Spirit says "It is a trustworthy statement: if any man aspires to the office of overseer, it is a fine work he desires to do." Notice that the man has an aspiration for this -- it is something that is upon his heart. It is a divine weight that God has placed upon him. Paul does not put him down for this aspiration, but says it is a fine thing that he desires to do. It is assumed that this is a God-given desire. The man will have to ask himself, "why do I desire to do it?". "Do I have wrong motives?" If he can sincerely answer that he desires it for the glory of God and the good of His church, then it is probably a God-given desire. This is why it is completely wrong to recruit people or persuade people to become elders when they don't feel the call of God to do it.

2. Is there a confirmation from the Holy Spirit that this is the will of God?

The Holy Spirit is the author of Scripture; holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the Spirit. If we are to have a confirmation from the Holy Spirit, then we must go to the word of God and find out what the biblical qualifications are. Paul describes very clearly these qualifications in 1 Timothy 3:2 "an overseer, then, must be above reproach, the husband of one wife, temperate, prudent, respectable, hospitable, able to teach." The church must carefully analyze the prospective elder's life against the Word of God.

3. Is there a confirmation from the present leadership that this is the will of God?

Why must there be a confirmation from the leadership? Because they are the ones who will represent the church in publicly appointing him to the office. Acts 14:23 declares "And when they had appointed elders for them in every church, having prayed with fasting, they commended them to the Lord in whom they had believed." 1 Tim 4:14 "Do not neglect the spiritual gift within you, which was bestowed upon you through prophetic utterance with the laying on of hands by the presbytery." Some questions the elders must ask are: "will we be able to work together as a team?", and "are we close enough in our doctrinal understanding to be able to minister together effectively?"

4. Is there a confirmation from the church that this is the will of God?

Acts 6:3 "But select from among you, brethren, seven men of good reputation, full of the Spirit and of wisdom, whom we may put in charge of this task." The people should be able to confirm the appointment of a man to the office of elder. There should be a general agreement in the church that the man is qualified and called of God to this task. After all, the church is going to have to follow this man's leadership. Therefore, there must be a sense of unity before the appointment is made.

Please prayerfully consider these things as you consider either yourself, or somebody else as an elder at Milpitas Bible Fellowship. May the Lord be pleased to grant us strong and godly leadership for the sake of His church!